脓胸的管理:综述
前言
脓胸是指胸膜腔中有化脓性液体的状态。如果胸腔积液是化脓性的,即使微生物检测不呈阳性,也应诊断为脓胸。脓胸与高发病率和高死亡率相关[1-3]。大多数脓胸的原因是肺炎,这通常始于感染的外周肺组织发生胸腔积液,但生理上可发生多种改变。脓胸在儿童和成人患者中的发病数量均在增加[4-8]。脓胸患者住院时间长,经济负担重,死亡率为 10% ~20 %。三分之一正在接受治疗的脓胸患者需要进行外科手术治疗[7,9]。近年来随着对循证医学的重视,研究者们对脓胸开展随机对照试验,并制定出临床指南。2010年英国胸科学会详细介绍了脓胸的病史、发病率、病理生理学和治疗方案,这是教科书式的内容详解[1]。为了更好的解释脓胸,文中部分内容可能与英国胸科学院学会(BTS)临床指南有重复。本综述的目的是为读者及胸外科医生更新脓胸当前的诊断和必要的治疗知识。
检索与“脓胸”和“胸膜腔感染”相关的英文文献。搜索范围仅限于2010年-2020年,检索对象也仅限于人体研究。关于脓胸的发病率、预后和治疗,我们重点专注临床指南,随机对照试验和大量个案报道的文章。
脓胸的分类及指南
20世纪60年代,从病理生理学的角度来看,脓胸疾病发展过程分为三个时期:(I) 单纯渗出期,(II) 纤维蛋白脓性形成期,(III)组织疤痕形成的组织阶段后期[11]。这种分类为后期的临床研究提供了指导,随着纤维蛋白脓性形成期的阐明,胸膜腔内纤维蛋白溶解治疗的理论建立起来。而在组织瘢痕阶段慢性期则需要进行各种外科手术治疗(开胸纤维板剥脱、肋骨切除和胸腔开放引流)[1,12]。
大约20年前,美国胸科学院(ACCP)、英国胸科学院学会(BTS) 和Light等人根据胸腔积液体积、特点、生化数据(pH、LDH、葡萄糖)和细菌培养对脓胸进行分类,并给出治疗策略的建议[12-14]。随着脓胸的进展,胸腔积液增加,细菌感染增加,单纯的渗出性胸腔积液变成脓性积液,pH值下降(pH<7.2),LDH身高(LDH>1000IU),葡萄糖耗尽(葡萄糖<40mg/dL)。治疗的初始阶段只用抗生素,并根据脓胸疾病进展情况考虑是否行胸腔引流。当这些治疗方法没有改善或脓胸进一步加重时,需进行胸膜腔内纤维蛋白溶解治疗或手术治疗。脓胸疾病在患者身体不同条件下是动态变化的,但有了分类就可以指导治疗。然而,这种分类的提出是根据专家的共识,并不是基于临床证据。
2010年,英国胸科学会提出了脓胸诊疗指南,并列出了从A级到D级的不同证据水平[1]。指南评论中还描述了脓胸迄今为止的状况,这是教科书式的内容详解。该指南包括脓胸历史视角、流行病学、生理学、病理生理学、细菌学、诊断和治疗等项目。以下是一些更有意义的观点。
描述了全身管理的重要性,如描述了营养管理和血栓形成预防[15-17];
尽管没有提到之前的分类(ACCP,2003BTS,Light),但提出了C反应蛋白(CRP)检测的有效性[18,19];
在诊断性成像中,超声波检测的有效性很常见,但通过CT增强扫描提示壁层和脏层胸膜表面不同程度增强,“胸膜分离征”的概念被引入[20];
如果胸腔积液为脓性,即使微生物学检测不呈阳性,也可诊断为脓胸,但在常规胸腔积液培养中约有40%为阴性。人们已经试图使用PCR或胸膜活检来提高细菌确诊率[21,22]。
胸膜腔内注入纤溶剂治疗脓胸
当单纯的肺外周感染性胸腔积液进展到纤维蛋白脓性阶段时,细菌入侵,加速自身免疫反应,促进中性粒细胞的迁移,并激活凝血级联反应[1,23-25]。纤维蛋白的增加和纤维间隔的密度增加被认为抑制了胸腔引流效果,使治疗变得困难。而此时进行各种胸膜腔内纤维蛋白溶解治疗,可改善胸腔积液引流效果[26-31]。
MIST 1
2002年至2004年,英国首次开展了多中心胸膜腔内脓毒症临床试验(MIST 1 )[9]。该试验是一项含有安慰剂的随机对照试验,招募了454位脓胸患者,评估胸膜内注入链激酶的治疗效果。患者短期内胸腔引流获益,但与降低死亡率、再手术频率或住院时间无关。
MIST 2
2005年至2008年,该项目研究者对210例患者进行了MIST 2 期临床试验[32]。一项评估胸膜腔内注入DNase和组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)的随机对照试验显示,与安慰剂相比,联合治疗的主要检测结果(影像学改善)有显著改善。脓胸患者DNase和tPA联合治疗在住院时间、手术转诊和死亡方面有统计学意义,治疗结果证实单独纤溶或单独DNase胸膜腔内治疗均优于安慰剂。然而,该研究揭盲后只有52例患者采用联合治疗,结果尚未被强烈推荐。后续进一步的大规模临床研究正在进行中,包括验证治疗成本和不良事件发生。
RAPID
MIST- 1 期 和 MIST- 2 期采集脓胸患者既往史,治疗方法和预后等临床资料数据。这些作为高度可靠的信息用于各种前瞻性研究和准确的数据分析。使用这些数据,可以估算脓胸患者的临床风险评分[2]。首先,利用MIST- 1 期的临床数据建立预测模型,提取与预后相关的五个因素(肾脏、年龄、脓性、感染源、饮食因素),构建评分系统。然后,利用MIST- 2 期的临床数据被建立验证模型。在 RAPID风险类别中,高风险(评分 5 - 7分 )患者中 3 个月死亡率为 43.8 % ,中风险患者死亡率(评分 3 – 4 分) 为 10.8 % ,低风险患者死亡率(评分 0 – 2 分)为 1.4 % [修改参考[2],表1][2]。 RAPID 风险类别评分对脓胸患者预后的评分是非常有价值的,预计将被使用在未来脓胸的临床研究之中。
此外,对于胸腔引流管管径大小的选择,粗孔径的引流管不一定有很好的治疗效果,但是相比之下,细孔径引流管很少引起引流不畅且患者会感到更舒适。 MIST- 2 期患者选择使用了 15 French( 1 French = 0.33 mm )甚至更细的胸腔引流管 [9,32]。
脓胸的手术治疗
首先,关于脓胸的手术治疗,BTS 指南指出“进一步强有力支持盲法试验是有必要的”[1]。尽管已在各种临床工作中证实电视胸腔镜辅助胸外科技术(VATS)在胸外科手术过程中的作用,但是目前只有两项临床研究与初始使用药物保守治疗进行比较,而且研究的临床病例数量非常少,研究结果的可信度问题被指出 [33-38]。胸膜腔内纤溶治疗的有效性已在MIST-2期临床试验中被证实,未来需要对电视胸腔镜技术(VATS)和胸膜腔内纤溶治疗进行大规模对比研究[3,32,39]。对于使用 RAPID 风险评分的高风险(5-7 分)人群,在可以耐受手术的早期阶段进行手术有望改善预后,并期待未来的临床研究结果[2]。
当患者出现脓胸时,药物治疗没有改善就需要选择手术治疗。与传统开胸手术相比,电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)展现了其有效性[40]。胸廓开窗造口术在术后发生脓胸和支气管胸膜瘘患者中已被用作挽救生命的有效措施。在胸廓开窗造口术中,人们注意使用与真空连接的闭式引流装置来加速患者康复[39,41]。
术后脓胸
一项包含有 4,772 名曾接受肺癌手术的患者术后发生脓胸详细的临床研究数据被报道 [42]。肺癌手术后脓胸的发生率为 0.9 %,死亡率为 11.6 % [42]。 2000 年之前脓胸的发生率约为10 %,但2000年后脓胸发生率为 1 % [43-49]。 1980年,脓胸死亡率为 14.8 % 或 22.2 % ,但随着医疗技术的发展,脓胸死亡率已经在下降[42,44,50]。
讨论
Dr. Satoshi Shiono:急性脓胸患者的手术时间是什么时候?
BTS 指南指出,尽管 VATS 治疗很有效,但并未涉及手术的适应症和手术时机。外科手术一般指在胸腔引流治疗无效时进行。VATS似乎应该是在急性期进行,但很少有随机对照试验的证据来证明。
Dr. Satoshi Shiono:老年脓胸的患者往往有一些合并症,那些脓胸患者有什么治疗方法?
老年患者脓胸预后较差,根据RAPID评分,身体情况较好的建议早期手术干预。但是,没有随机对照试验,临床治疗方法选择目前证据不足。
Dr. Satoshi Shiono:VATS 对脓胸治疗有什么限制?
在单纯渗出期,VATS治疗过于积极且治疗具有创伤性,因为该阶段是可以通过保守治疗而治愈。除此之外,似乎对 VATS 治疗没有特别的限制。
结论
对脓胸疾病的临床研究表明,例如胸膜腔纤溶治疗,已经产生了各种治疗效果。另一方面,尚未开展手术治疗脓胸的大规模随机对照试验,这有待进一步研究。
Acknowledgments
Funding: None.
Footnote
Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editor (Satoshi Shiono) for the series “Empyema” published in Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery. The article has undergone external peer review.
Conflicts of Interest: Both authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/ccts.2020.03.02). The series “Empyema” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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刘华
十堰市太和医院胸心大血管外科副主任医师,博士研究生。中国医师协会腔内血管学专家委员会委员,湖北省微循环学会胸部微创青年委员会常务委员,湖北省医学会胸心外科学分会结构性心脏病专业委员会委员,十堰市医学会胸心大血管外科专业委员会委员,十堰市胸心大血管外科医疗质量控制委员会委员。从事心血管疾病的基础及临床研究,主持并完成湖北省厅级科研项目4项,获湖北省科学技术进步二等奖1项,发表科研论文20余篇。擅长心血管、胸部肿瘤及胸部创伤疾病的开放、胸腔镜及微创介入外科治疗。(更新时间:2021/9/13)
(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)
Cite this article as: Kanai E, Matsutani N. Management of empyema: a comprehensive review. Curr Chall Thorac Surg 2020;2:38.