The outcome of patients treated with salvage surgery after chemo-radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma
Review Article

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌放化疗后行挽救性手术治疗的结局

Marco Nardini1, Alessandro Pardolesi2

1Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale, Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;2Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy

Correspondence to: Alessandro Pardolesi, MD. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, CAP Milan, Italy. Email: alessandro.pardolesi@istitutotumori.mi.it.

摘要:约有24%~35%的局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者在根治性放化疗后发生局部复发或疾病持续。单纯接受放化疗或手术治疗的患者预后较差。因此,一些学者提出在根治性同步放化疗后进行挽救性手术以延长患者的无病生存期及总生存期。尽管最初被认为是不能手术的,但部分经过筛选的患者是可以通过挽救性手术评估的。虽然这是一项颇具挑战性的手术,但如果有适应证,在专业的医疗中心,实施挽救性手术在技术上是完全可行的,即便是需要进行广泛切除,挽救性手术所带来的并发症发生率、死亡率和长期结果也是可以接受的。严格的患者筛选和多学科讨论对制定挽救性手术至关重要。现有文献以回顾性研究和病例报告为主,尚缺乏强有力的证据和随机临床试验,因此,在研究方案中应提供根治性放化疗后的挽救性手术,以提供更有力的证据支持。本篇综述中,我们评估了局部晚期NSCLC患者在根治性放化疗后接受挽救性手术治疗的预后,我们还强调了有关其适应证的主要关键点。

关键词:肺癌;挽救性手术;晚期


Received: 24 April 2020; Accepted: 11 June 2020; Published: 25 February 2021.

doi: 10.21037/ccts-20-88


前言

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)是一种基数大、异质性高的疾病,其最佳治疗策略尚无定论[诱导治疗、手术和(或)根治性放化疗(CT-RT)]。单独接受手术或根治性CT-RT,患者的长期生存率仅改善5%~25%[1-3]。因具有一定的治愈机会,同步放化疗(高剂量放疗)被广泛用于不可手术患者。然而,约24%~35%的患者对治疗无反应或出现局部复发,因而如果没有其他治疗手段,手术应被视为改善患者生存的一种“挽救性治疗”[4]

挽救性手术在胸部肿瘤特别是肺转移性肿瘤的治疗中有重要作用[5-8]。然而,局部晚期NSCLC患者在根治性放化疗后还能否从挽救性手术中获益仍存在争议。

到目前为止,只有少数研究报道了根治性放化疗(高剂量放疗,>59 Gy )后联合手术的结果。本篇综述中,我们将讨论这个问题,并评估局部晚期NSCLC患者在根治性放化疗(CT-RT)后进行挽救性手术的预后。


方法

通过计算机辅助的文献检索来识别文献。检索PubMed中1998年-2019年间发表的文献,检索关键词包括:“salvage surgery(挽救性手术),non small cell lung cancer(非小细胞肺癌),locally advanced non small cell lung cancer(局部晚期非小细胞肺癌),definitive chemoradiotherapy(根治性放化疗)”。检索式限定条件包括:“English language(英文文献)、human(人类相关)”。


挽救性手术的定义

挽救性手术的定义为确诊时已错失手术时机的NSCLC,经至少3个月的根治性CT-RT后疾病复发或持续,进而行手术切除。所有病例都需经多学科讨论确定,在没有其他治疗选择且手术有机会实现R0切除或出现如咯血等急症时,才可以考虑手术。适应证人群的严格把控是挽救性手术获得积极受益的关键。术前需仔细进行重新分期。对疑似肿瘤复发患者的再分期,胸部CT和FDG-PET是必不可少的。但仅依据影像学重新分期并不准确(假阴性和假阳性率高),如果考虑手术,还必须对肿瘤重新活检明确病理。

影像学提示累及淋巴结时建议完善超声支气管镜检查(EBUS)。EBUS的敏感性和特异性分别为67%和99%,且并发症发生率较低。然而,EBUS的开展有设备和技术门槛要求,且穿刺接近肿瘤的纵隔淋巴结时易得出假阴性或假阳性结果[9]。但对局部晚期NSCLC进行重新分期时,EBUS仍是优于纵隔镜的首选诊断方法。尽管纵隔镜检查仍然是欧洲胸外科学会评估NSCLC分期的重要检查,但在经过数月的高剂量胸部放疗后,进行纵隔镜检查的安全性会显著降低[10]。未来新型分子医学技术也许可以帮助早期识别恶性肿瘤的局部复发或治疗后残留。循环肿瘤细胞的评估在确定挽救性手术的获益中起重要作用,因为肿瘤在细胞水平上的转移播散与无进展生存期和总生存期的降低密切相关[11]

此外,前沿影像技术,如PET/ MRI可以进一步辅助诊断肿瘤复发、鉴别CT-RT相关的纤维化/炎症改变,帮助更准确的把握手术指征[12-15]

进行挽救性手术须同时满足如下条件:1.患者能耐受手术:须经术前仔细的心肺功能评估;2.没有其他备选治疗方案;3.准确的重新分期:肿瘤活检明确病理、无胸外转移[16]


简要综述

Sonett等人报道了一项回顾性分析,对40例根治性CT-RT后进行手术的NSCLC患者进行了分析[17]。放疗和手术之间的中位间隔时间为2个月。作者报告称无术后死亡发生,令人惊讶。这可能与仔细的患者筛选、不同的放疗技术、肺切除术后支气管残端覆盖技术和术后护理加强有关。

2008年,Bauman等人回顾性分析了1997年-2005年间24例接受手术治疗患者的结局[18]。这些患者被分为三组:A组患者CT提示局部复发,B组患者仅有FGD-PET异常,C组患者转为三联治疗。结果显示手术治疗是可行的,且B组患者的术后生存率比A组更高。该研究的结果强调了在挽救性手术前明确肿瘤病理的重要性。CT和PET-CT易受CT-RT治疗影响而得出肿瘤残留或复发的误导性结论,因此,我们认为在实施如此高风险的手术之前,应尝试获得病理证据支持。

2009年,Cerfolio探讨了高剂量放疗后手术的问题。研究回顾性分析了10年间累计216例术前接受放疗(中位剂量60Gy;60-72Gy)患者的预后情况。结论认可了手术的安全性,且并发症发生率可以接受。研究报告了右全肺切除术后有2例并发支气管胸膜瘘,而肺叶切除术后无支气管胸膜瘘发生。支气管残端由肋间皮瓣或大网膜包埋。高龄、术前肺功能不佳和吸烟史与术后并发症发病率和手术死亡率显著相关。

作者还观察到胸部放疗后再次纵隔镜检查可能是无效且不安全的[19]

Albain等发布的随机多中心试验主要比较了202例T1-3pN2M0 NSCLC患者的总生存期[20]。患者按1:1比例随机分为1、2两组,并均接受同步诱导化疗(顺铂和依托泊苷)联合放疗(45 Gy)。治疗后未进展的患者:1组接受手术切除,2组继续放疗至剂量达到61 Gy。两组均给予2个周期的顺铂和依托泊苷辅助治疗。结果显示,接受肺叶切除术的患者的总体生存率有所提高,而接受全肺切除术的患者则没有。但这两种治疗方案都没有明显的优势。非手术组的无病生存率较差,而手术组的手术相关死亡率较高。

2016年,Dickhoff及其同事对15例有复发或肿瘤持续临床证据的患者进行了研究[21]。患者被安排接受解剖性肺切除术,其中8例行全肺切除术,并发症发病率高达40%,90天死亡率为6.7%(1例)。预计中位总生存期和无病生存期分别为46个月和43.6个月。Uramoto的研究也证实了挽救性手术的益处和良好的长期结果[22]。作者报道了16例挽救性手术患者的结果,其5年总生存率为40.4%。他们观察到,挽救性手术安全可行,并发症发生率低,远期生存好。

2017年,Casiraghi等发表了十年间累计35例患者的预后数据[23],这些患者在根治性CT-RT(58Gy)后因局部复发接受了手术。该研究纳入了行广泛切除(血管袖、气管袖状肺切除术、心包内全肺切除术、上腔静脉切除重建术)和仅行开胸探查的患者。作者发现该组患者的生存率与R0切除相关,中位生存期为27个月,30天死亡率为5.7%(2例)。在我们看来,这些数据强调了术前检查评估对实现根治性切除(R0)的重要性。

Dickhoff在2018年发表了一篇系统综述,试图更好地定义计划进行挽救性手术患者的管理。作者分析了8项回顾性研究共158例临床病例。该研究纳入的患者还包括转为三联疗法的患者,以及因放疗并发症而接受手术的患者。作者认为目前支持根治性CT-RT后进行挽救性手术的数据有限,且异质性很大,证据水平较低。手术患者明显的生存获益可能与选择偏倚有关。因为只有疾病局限、R0切除机会高的患者才会被选择手术。30天和90天的总死亡率较高:分别为3%和6.5%[24]表1)。

表1
表1 已发表的关于晚期非小细胞肺癌挽救性手术患者研究的肿瘤学结果和手术策略。OS, overall survival,总生存期
Full table

免疫疗法的出现象征着晚期肺部恶性肿瘤的一次治疗“革命”。到目前为止,手术在接受免疫治疗患者中的作用仍在研究中,目前还没有一致的数据可用。免疫治疗似乎会引起强烈的纤维化反应,这使得后续的手术操作难度增加,可能对术后并发症的发生产生负面影响。


局限性

本研究有一些局限性。首先这是一篇叙述性的综述,不是对文献的系统评价,所有数据均为回顾性收集。此外,由于样本量小,在解释结果时应格外保持谨慎。


结果

到目前为止,关于局部晚期NSCLC根治性治疗后的挽救性手术的数据有限且不一致。因此,尚不能得出确切的结论。挽救性手术在技术上具有挑战性,化疗和放疗后的纤维化反应会导致解剖结构发生显著改变,通常需要广泛切除来提供R0手术切缘。

通过严格的患者筛选和专业的外科技术,可以成功地以可接受的并发症发生率完成挽救性肺切除术。目前还需要更多强有力的证据和随机临床试验来佐证挽救性手术。


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editors (Davide Tosi and Alessandro Palleschi) for the series “The Treatment of Locally Advanced Lung Cancer” published in Current Challenges in Thoracic Surgery. The article was sent for external peer review organized by the Guest Editors and the editorial office.

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/ccts-20-88). The series “The Treatment of Locally Advanced Lung Cancer” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of this work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of this work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


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译者介绍
陈栋
浙江省温州医科大学附属台州医院。临床外科学心胸外科在读硕士,SCI发表第一作者1篇,共同第一作者1篇。
审校介绍
张少伟
男,联勤保障部队第九八九医院心胸外科主治医师,解放军医学院外科学硕士,临床工作10余年,擅长胸腔镜下常规肺癌、胸腺瘤及食管癌根治手术,发表论文多篇,其中SCI论著一篇,申请实用新型专利1项。(更新时间:2021/9/24)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/ccts-20-88
Cite this article as: Nardini M, Pardolesi A. The outcome of patients treated with salvage surgery after chemo-radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma. Curr Chall Thorac Surg 2021;3:7.

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